A patient with epilepsy was shown to have neurobiological, psychological, cognitive, and social issues as a result of recurring seizures, which is regarded as a chronic brain disease. However, despite numerous drug treatments, approximately, 30%-40% of all patients are resistant to antiepileptic drugs. Therefore, newer therapeutic modalities are introduced into clinical practice which involve neurostimulation and direct stimulation of the brain. Hence, we review published literature on vagus nerve stimulation, trigeminal nerve stimulation, applying responsive stimulation systems, and deep brain stimulation (DBS) in animals and epileptic patient with an emphasis on drug-resistant epilepsy.

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the feasibility of gender-responsive budgeting in the public law of Iran. The budget is not gender-neutral naturally,Therefore, it affects women and men differently. By gender-based budgeting, women's share of the public revenue and, consequently, their opportunity for public participation assesses and provided to the government as a tool to achieve gender equality and fill the gender gap. Gender-responsive budgeting evaluates the impact of budget items, and indeed government policies and programs, on women compared to men. The research method is dogmatic with a comparative approach. In this way gender-responsive budgeting introduces as a method of budget analysis, its context, and tool of implementation in the legal system of Iran examines. Results prove the existence of a precondition of gender-responsive budgeting, formal recognition of gender equality. Therefore, if the government has the political will to protect gender equality, it can use the existing capacities, the other countries' experiences, and the recommendations of international institutions to implement gender-responsive budgeting and attach it to the annual general budget Act. Two main capacities are the Vice President for Women and Family Affairs and Annex No. 4 of the recent Budget Law (Function-Based Budgeting).

Nowadays, environment-sensitive smart drug delivery systems have found diverse applications in pharmaceutical science and technology. These systems can respond to the environment stimuli such as temperature, pressure, pH, light, electrical and magnetically fields and etc. They can release the proper amount of drug in human body. Among these systems, special attention and much research works have been devoted to temperature responsive systems. Smart polymeric materials and hydrogels are widely used in production of temperature responsive systems. The temperature responsive polymeric materials and their based smart drug delivery systems are not just responsive to temperature, as other stimuli may induce them as well. Therefore, in practical cases, their performances may be disordered and the drug release may not occur in an anticipated manner. Furthermore, the mathematical relations of drug release in these systems are very complicated. Therefore, in this work, a novel temperature responsive smart drug delivery system is introduced in which the drug release would only be a function of temperature and its mathematical relations are also considerably simple. This system is composed of three individual layers. The modeling of this system is performed by analyzing the heat and mass transfer equations at pseudo-steady state and the effects of system parameters on the performance of the system are investigated. The obtained results show that the performance of the system is drastically related to the types of materials of the system and also their physical and chemical properties. By using the obtained results in this work, we can design the temperature responsive smart drug delivery systems and optimize their performance in practical cases.

Background: Resveratrol effects on the prevention and treatment of colon cancer have been well documented recently, but low solubility, rapid absorption and metabolism of resveratrol limit its beneficial effects on colon cancer. Designing a formulation that enhances the solubility of resveratrol, protects resveratrol from oxidation and isomerization, and delivers it to the colon is a priority of food and drug industry. In this study, resveratrolpolyethylene glycol (PEG)-loaded pectin-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex was designed as a colon targeted delivery system. Methods: The effects of adding PEG, ultra-sonication time, pH, and pectin to chitosan ratio were investigated on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential by particle size analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Encapsulation efficiency (EE), release of resveratrol in simulated gastrointestinal fluid, and different pHs were analyzed via High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was measured by (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) DPPH free-radical method. Results: Results showed that colloidal stable micro-particles (725 ± 20 nm) with PDI < 0. 3 and zeta potential +27 ± 2 mV was formed in the ratio of 5: 1 of pectin to chitosan w/v % after a 10-min sonication. Encapsulation efficiency was 81 ± 7 %. The reduction of antioxidant activity of resveratrol loaded micro-particles after one month was less than 13%. Micro-particles released about 33% of resveratrol in the simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Conclusion: Two-thirds of the loaded resveratrol in Pectin-Chitosan complex reached colon. The developed system had enough specification for enriching fruit based drinks due to remarkable colloidal stability in the pH range of 3. 5 to 4. 5.